Awareness and knowledge of the pelvic inflammatory disease, its risk factors and diagnostic procedures among female undergraduates in tertiary institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria

Aims@#This study was designed to evaluate awareness and knowledge of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), its risk factors and diagnostic procedures among female undergraduates in tertiary institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria.@*Methodology and results@#A questionnaire-based survey design was conducted among 325 undergraduate students. Completed questionnaires were retrieved immediately. Descriptive and inferential (chi-square test) statistical tools were used for data analysis. Out of the 325 respondents, 186(57.2%) had heard of PID, 162(49.8%) did not know the possible risk factors of PID, 161(49.5%) perceived their awareness level of PID to be poor, while 30(9.2%) had good awareness level of PID. The majority 185(56.9%) of the respondents, do not know the mode of transmission of PID. There was a statistically significant relationship between the student’s age and the level of awareness statement at (p<0.05). On the student’s knowledge, only the statement: Do you know PID could be symptomless, showed a statistically significant relationship with the student’s course of study (χ2=12.815, p=0.00).@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Most respondents have heard of PID via social media and seminars and have even seen those who had the disease. They still claim that their awareness level was poor since they do not know the mode of transmission and ill effects of PID, and so they cannot be protected against the disease. A sensitization campaign on risk factors, symptoms and mode of spread of the disease has to be carried out in the institutions to save the students at high risk of the infection.

Exámenes preoperatorios en cirugías electivas no cardiacas de riesgo bajo e intermedio: revisión sistemática y análisis costo-efectividad

Los exámenes preoperatorios son parte habitual en la práctica clínica. Sin embargo, su requerimiento no se sustenta siempre en la mejor evidencia científica. Cuando se solicitan sin justificación pueden generar resultados falsos positivos, la necesidad de repetir o solicitar nuevos exámenes e interconsultas, prolongar la estancia hospitalaria, ocasionar problemas al paciente (mayor riesgo, confusión y ansiedad) e incremento de los costos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática y análisis costo-efectividad de los exámenes preoperatorios en las cirugías electivas no cardíacas de riesgo bajo e intermedio más frecuentes realizadas en el Hospital Regional Lambayeque. Según el análisis costo-efectividad, el monto anual de los exámenes preoperatorios innecesarios sería de S/ 62 778, pero si se solicitaran de manera adecuada y se siguieran las pautas establecidas en la Guía NICE, este costo se reduciría en 38,34 % (es decir S/ 138,40 por cada paciente). Los resultados muestran que no se debe solicitar exámenes preoperatorios de manera rutinaria para las cirugías no cardíacas electivas de riesgo bajo e intermedio y que una minuciosa evaluación médica preoperatoria reduciría, de manera segura, la necesidad otras pruebas para este tipo de cirugías.

Preoperative tests are very common in daily clinical practice. However, ordering preoperative tests is not generally based on the best scientific evidence. When preoperative tests are ordered without justification, they may generate false-positive results, cause to repeat or order new tests and consultations, prolong hospital stay, result in problems to the patient (more risks, confusion and anxiety), and increase costs. A systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis of preoperative tests for the most frequent low- and intermediate-risk non-cardiac elective surgeries performed at the Hospital Regional Lambayeque were conducted. According to the cost-effectiveness analysis, the annual cost of unnecessary preoperative tests amounts to S/ 62,778.00. However, if preoperative tests were adequately ordered and NICE guidelines were followed, their cost would decrease in 38.34 % (i.e., S/ 138.40 for each patient). The results show that preoperative tests should not be ordered for low- and intermediate-risk non-cardiac elective surgeries on a routinely basis. A thorough preoperative medical evaluation would safely decrease the need of other tests for this type of surgery.

Pruebas diagnósticas: Razones de probabilidad / Diagnostic tests: Probability Ratios

La utilidad de una prueba diagnóstica se cuantifica mediante el cálculo de las medidas de probabilidad y las medidas de razones de probabilidad. Las medidas de probabilidad son la sensibilidad, la especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y el valor predictivo negativo. La sensibilidad y la especificidad se usan para escoger la mejor prueba a utilizar, entre varias disponibles; sin embargo, no pueden ser utilizadas para estimar la probabilidad de determinada enfermedad en un paciente en particular. En la práctica clínica es esencial saber cuál es la probabilidad de que un paciente con un resultado positivo en una prueba diagnóstica presente la enfermedad y cuál es la probabilidad de que un paciente con un resultado negativo en una prueba diagnóstica no presente la enfermedad. Los valores predictivos positivos y negativos nos brindan la respuesta a esta cuestión, sin embargo, dependen tanto de la sensibilidad y especificidad, como de la prevalencia de la enfermedad en la muestra del estudio. Las medidas de razones de probabilidad también describen el rendimiento o utilidad de una prueba diagnóstica y poseen dos propiedades importantes: resumen el mismo tipo de información que la sensibilidad y la especificidad, y pueden utilizarse para calcular la probabilidad de la enfermedad después de una prueba positiva o negativa. El propósito de esta publicación fue definir el concepto de razones de probabilidad, exponer sus principales fortalezas y explicar cómo se calculan las razones de probabilidad cuando la prueba de interés expresa sus resultados en forma dicotómica, en más de dos categorías o de forma ordinal

The usefulness of a diagnostic test is quantified by calculating the probability measures and the probability ratio measures. Probability measures are sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Sensitivity and specificity are used to choose the best test to use, among several available; however, they cannot be used to estimate the probability of a certain disease in a particular patient. In clinical practice it is essential to know what is the probability that a patient with a positive result in a diagnostic test will present the disease and what is the probability that a patient with a negative result in a diagnostic test will not present the disease. The positive and negative predictive values provide us with the answer to this question, however, it depends both on the sensitivity and specificity, and on the prevalence of the disease in the study sample. Probability ratio measures also describe the performance or usefulness of a diagnostic test and possess two important properties: they summarize the type of information that sensitivity and specificity, and they can be used to calculate the probability of disease after a positive or positive test. negative. The purpose of this publication was to define the concept of probability ratio measures, expose its main strengths, and explain how probability ratio measures are calculated when the test of interest expresses its results dichotomously, in more than two categories or ordinally

Pruebas diagnósticas: Fundamentos de los estudios diagnósticos, evaluación de la validez e interpretación clínica de sus resultados / Diagnostic tests: Fundamentals of diagnostic studies, validityassessment and clinical interpretation of the results

El propósito de esta publicación es describir los fundamentos de los estudios diagnósticos, proporcionando elementos de juicio para evaluar la validez, puntualizar sobre las medidas de utilidad o rendimiento de las mismas y resaltar la importancia de los estudios diagnósticos en la práctica clínica usual. Dentro de los fundamentos de las pruebas diagnósticas se explican los principios básicos sobre las pruebas diagnósticas, la estructura de estas y se detalla cómo se analizan los resultados de la prueba diagnóstica de interés y los resultados de la prueba diagnóstica de referencia. Se evalúa la validez de una prueba diagnóstica examinando tres criterios importantes que sustentan la solidez metodológica de este tipo de estudio: representatividad, constatación y determinación. Por otro lado, se estudia el primer tipo de medidas de rendimiento de una prueba diagnóstica, las medidas de probabilidad (sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo). Cuando los resultados de una prueba diagnóstica son expresados en una escala cuantitativa continua es necesario escoger "el mejor punto de corte" que se corresponda con una alta sensibilidad y especificidad, para así distinguir los enfermos de los sanos. Con este fin, podemos utilizar las propiedades de la curva COR (acrónimo de Característica Operativa del Receptor). En la presente publicación se describe y pormenoriza la construcción de la curva COR y se puntualiza sobre la mejor manera de analizarla y sacarle provecho. Por último, se ilustra cómo un estudio diagnóstico cambia el paradigma de manejo de una enfermedad

The purpose of this publication is to describe the fundamentals of diagnostic studies, providing elements of judgment to evaluate their validity, to point out their usefulness or performance measures, and to highlight the importance of diagnostic studies in usual clinical practice. Within the fundamentals of diagnostic tests, the basic principles of diagnostic tests, their structure, and how the results of the diagnostic test of interest and the results of the reference diagnostic test are analyzed and explained. The validity of a diagnostic test is eva-luated by examining three important criteria that support the methodological soundness of this type of study: representativeness, verification, and determination. On the other hand, the first type of performance measures of a diagnostic test are studied, the probability measures (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, ne-gative predictive value). When the results of a diagnostic test are expressed on a continuous quantitative scale, it is necessary to choose the best cut-off point that corresponds to high sensitivity and specificity, in order to distinguish the sick from the healthy. To this end, we can use the properties of the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curve. In this publication, the construction of the ROC curve is described and detailed, and the best way to analyze it and take advantage of it is specified. Finally, it illustrates how a diagnostic study changes the paradigm of disease management

Fatores associados ao LDL-Colesterol aumentado na população adulta brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Factors associated with high LDL-Cholesterol in the Brazilian adult population: National Health Survey

Resumo O estudo analisou os fatores associados ao LDL-Colesterol aumentado na população adulta brasileira. Estudo transversal com dados laboratoriais de 8.534 indivíduos coletados na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Calculadas as prevalências de LDL-Colesterol <130 e ≥130 mg/dL. A variável desfecho foi LDL-Colesterol aumentado (≥130 mg/dL) e as variáveis explicativas foram sociodemográficas, antropométricas, estilo de vida, doenças crônicas e autoavaliação de saúde. Para verificar as associações, utilizou-se regressão de Poisson e estimou-se as razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança (IC) 95%. A prevalência de LDL-Colesterol aumentado foi 18,58%. No modelo final multivariado associaram-se ao desfecho: idade entre 30 a 44 anos (RP 1,99; IC 1,58-2,54), 45 a 59 anos (RP 2,89; IC 2,29-3,64) e 60 anos ou mais (RP 2,90; IC 2,29-3,68), região Nordeste (RP 1,16; IC 1,02-1,32), sobrepeso (RP 1,32; IC 1,15-1,51), obesidade (RP 1,41; IC 1,19-1,65) ou anemia (RP 0,66; IC 0,54-0,80). O LDL-Colesterol aumentado associou-se ao envelhecimento, sobrepeso, obesidade, morar na região Nordeste e ter anemia. Monitorar os níveis de LDL é importante, pelo risco aumentado com envelhecimento, para orientar ações de estilos de vida saudáveis e diagnóstico em locais de menor acesso.

Abstract The study analyzed factors associated with high LDL-Cholesterol in Brazilian population. This is a cross-sectional study with laboratory data from 8,534 individuals collected in National Health Survey were analyzed. The prevalence levels of LDL-Cholesterol <130 and ≥ 130 mg/dL were calculated. The outcome variable was high LDL-Cholesterol (≥ 130 mg/dL) and explanatory variables were sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, chronic diseases and self-rated health. To Poisson regression was used and estimated prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence levels (CI) to verify associations. The prevalence of high LDL-Cholesterol was 18.58%. In the final multivariate model were associated with the outcome: 30 to 44 years (PR 1.99; CI 1.58-2.54), 45 to 59 years (PR 2.89; CI 2.29-3.64), 60 years or more (PR 2.90; CI 2.29-3.68), living in the Northeast Region (PR 1.16; CI 1.02 - 1.32), overweight (PR 1.32; CI 1.15-1.51), obesity (PR 1.41; CI 1.19-1.65) or anemia (PR 0.66; CI 0.54-0.80). The LDL-Cholesterol was associated with aging, overweight, obesity, live in the Northeast and anemia. The monitoring of LDL levels is relevant, due to the increased risk with age, and can guide the adopting healthy lifestyles and diagnosis in places with lower access.

Intervalo de tempo decorrido entre o início dos sintomas e a realização do exame para COVID-19 nas capitais brasileiras, agosto de 2020* / Intervalo de tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y el examen de COVID-19 en las capitales brasileñas, agosto de 2020 / Time interval between onset of symptoms and COVID-19 testing in Brazilian state capitals, August 2020

Objetivo: Analisar as notificações de síndrome gripal segundo o intervalo de tempo decorrido entre início dos sintomas e realização do exame para COVID-19. Métodos: Estudo transversal, utilizando registros de casos de síndrome gripal contendo resultados de testes diagnósticos da COVID-19 nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal, no sistema e-SUS Notifica, entre 1º/março/2020 e 18/agosto/2020. Comparou-se o intervalo de tempo entre início dos sintomas e realização do exame (teste ANOVA), classificando-o segundo a adequação/oportunidade do exame. Resultados: Entre 1.942.514 notificações, o tempo médio entre início dos sintomas e execução dos testes foi de 10,2 dias (±17,1). Entre testados, predominou o sexo feminino (55,1%), idade de 20-39 anos (43,8%) e região Sudeste (43,0%). O teste ELISA IgM foi realizado em tempo adequado para 58,8%; e o teste rápido-antígeno, em tempo inadequado para 68,0%. Conclusão: Observou-se inadequação entre início dos sintomas e realização dos testes para COVID-19 nas regiões brasileiras.

Objetivo: Analizar las notificaciones de síndrome gripal según el intervalo de tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y el examen de COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio transversal utilizando registros de casos de síndrome gripal que contienen resultados de pruebas diagnósticas de COVID-19 en las capitales brasileñas y el Distrito Federal del sistema e-SUS Notifica, entre 1/marzo/2020 y 18/agosto/2020. El intervalo de tiempo se comparó entre el inicio de los síntomas y la realización del examen mediante la prueba ANOVA, clasificándolo según la adecuación/ oportunidad del examen. Resultados: Entre 1.942.514 notificaciones, el tiempo promedio entre el inicio de los síntomas y la ejecución del examen fue de 10,2 días (±17,1). Entre los evaluados, predominaron las mujeres (55,1%), 20-39 años (43,8%) y la región Sudeste (43,0%). El ELISA IgM se realizó en momento adecuado para 58,8% y la prueba de Antígeno Rápido en momento inadecuado para 68,0%. Conclusión: Se constata inadecuación de tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y las pruebas para COVID-19 en las regiones brasileñas.

Objective: To analyze notifications of flu-like syndrome according to the time interval between onset of symptoms and testing for COVID-19. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using records of flu-like syndrome cases containing results of COVID-19 diagnostic tests in the Brazilian state capitals and Federal District, held on the e-SUS Notifica system, from March 1st, 2020 to August 18th, 2020. The time interval between symptom onset and testing was compared using the ANOVA test, classifying it according to test adequacy/timeliness. Results: Taking 1,942,514 notifications, average time between symptom onset and testing was 10.2 days (±17.1). Among those tested, females (55.1%), people aged 20-39 years (43.8%), and the Southeast region of Brazil (43.0%) predominated. 58.8% of IgM ELISA tests were performed at an adequate time while 68.0% of rapid antigen tests were not performed at an adequate time. Conclusion: Inadequacy was found between symptom onset and time taken to test for COVID-19 in the Brazilian regions.

Methodological aspects of the micronutrient assessment in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey / Aspectos metodológicos da avaliação de micronutrientes no Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019): inquérito domiciliar de base populacional / Aspectos metodológicos de la evaluación de micronutrientes en el Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019): encuesta domiciliaria de base poblacional

This article aims to present methodological aspects on the collection, analyses, coverage, challenges, and the lessons learned from laboratory assessment of micronutrients on the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). This is a household survey on a probability sample of children under five years of age from 123 Brazilian municipalities in all 26 states and the Federal District. Blood samples were drawn by venipuncture at the homes of children 6 to 59 months of age. This procedure was performed by experienced phlebotomists from the laboratories located in the selected municipalities and scheduled in advance. Blood and serum levels were measured for biomarkers of nutritional status, using the services of a clinical test laboratory with nationwide coverage, for the following micronutrients: iron (hemoglobin and ferritin), zinc, selenium, folic acid, and vitamins A, B1, B6, B12, D, and E. C-reactive protein was analyzed as a marker of inflammation. A barcode identifier was used to track the blood samples and to link the biochemical test results to the other data collected in the survey. A total of 14,558 children were studied. Of the 12,598 eligible children, 8,829 (70.1%) had blood samples drawn. Of the total number of children who had samples drawn, 91.8% (n = 8,025) have results for at least nine of the 12 analyses performed. Coverage of the analysis varied from 95% (for vitamins A and E) to 84.2% (for folic acid). Aliquots of whole blood and serum were stored in a biorepository for future analyses. The results of this pioneering study in the country will back the formulation and, when necessary, the reorientation of public policies in food and nutrition.

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os aspectos metodológicos referentes à coleta e análise de dados laboratoriais do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019), a cobertura das análises laboratoriais, os desafios enfrentados e as lições aprendidas. Trata-se de um inquérito populacional de base domiciliar de crianças menores de cinco anos realizado em 123 municípios dos 26 estados da Federação e o Distrito Federal. A coleta de sangue por punção venosa foi realizada em domicílio em crianças com idade entre 6 e 59 meses, por coletador experiente de laboratório(s) existente(s) nos municípios amostrados. Foram determinadas as concentrações sanguíneas e séricas de biomarcadores do estado nutricional utilizando os serviços de um laboratório de análises clínicas com abrangência nacional para os seguintes micronutrientes: ferro (hemoglobina e ferritina), zinco, selênio, ácido fólico, vitaminas A, B1, B6, B12, D e E. A proteína C reativa foi analisada como marcador de inflamação. Um código de barras identificador das amostras de sangue foi utilizado para o rastreio da amostra e para a junção dos resultados dos exames bioquímicos com os demais dados coletados na pesquisa. Foram estudadas 14.558 crianças. Das 12.598 elegíveis, 8.829 (70,1%) realizaram coleta de sangue. Do total de crianças que realizaram coleta de sangue, 91,8% (n = 8.025) têm resultados para pelo menos nove das 12 análises realizadas. A cobertura por análise variou de 95% (para vitaminas A e E) a 84,2% (para ácido fólico). Os resultados deste estudo pioneiro subsidiarão a formulação e, quando for o caso, o redirecionamento de políticas públicas de alimentação e nutrição.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar aspectos metodológicos, respecto a la recogida y análisis de datos de laboratorio del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019), así como la cobertura de los mismos, los desafíos enfrentados y lecciones aprendidas. Se trata de una encuesta poblacional de base domiciliaria con niños menores de cinco años, realizada en 123 municipios de los 26 estados de la Federación y el Distrito Federal. La recogida de sangre por punción venosa se realizó en domicilios con niños, de edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 59 meses, con la intervención de un flebotomista con experiencia en laboratorio(s) existente(s) en los municipios de muestra. Se determinaron las concentraciones sanguíneas y séricas de biomarcadores del estado nutricional, utilizando los servicios de un laboratorio de análisis clínicos con alcance nacional para los siguientes micronutrientes: hierro (hemoglobina y ferritina), zinc, selenio, ácido fólico, vitaminas A, B1, B6, B12, D y E. La proteína C reactiva se analizó como marcador de inflamación. Un código de barras identificador de las muestras de sangre se utilizó para el rastreo de la muestra y para la conjunción de los resultados de los exámenes bioquímicos con los demás datos recogidos en la investigación. Se estudiaron 14.558 niños. De los 12.598 elegibles, a 8.829 (70,1%) se les sacó sangre. Del total de niños, a quienes se les tomó muestras de sangre, un 91,8% (n = 8.025) obtuvieron resultados para por lo menos nueve de los 12 análisis realizados. La cobertura por análisis varió de un 95% (para vitaminas A y E), a un 84,2% (para ácido fólico). Los resultados de este estudio pionero apoyarán la formulación y, cuando fuera necesario, la redirección de políticas públicas de alimentación y nutrición.

Changes in clinical signs and laboratory indicators and their risk-tiering diagnostic effectiveness in elderly patients with pulmonary embolization with different risk levels / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the changes in clinical signs and laboratory testing results and their risk-tiring diagnostic effectiveness in elderly patients with pulmonary embolization (PE) with different risk levels.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of elderly hospitalized PE patients in Beijing Hospital and other coordinated hospital from 2012 to 2020.Differences in 43 clinical signs and detection indicators between patients with four different risk levels were compared.The univariate and multivariate regression models were used to analyze differences between high-risk and non-high-risk PE and between intermediate-risk and low-risk PE with ROC analysis.Results:In the multi-group comparison, there are 33 clinical tests having significant differences between four risk groups, 29 clinical tests having significant differences between three risk groups(high, intermediate and low groups), and 21 clinical tests having significant differences between two groups(high and non-high groups). In the ROC analysis of risk stratification in high-risk and non-high-risk groups, it was found that the range of area under the curves(AUC)of 14 significantly changed clinical tests were 0.611 to 0.802 in the univariate regression analysis.The AUC of the model of systolic blood pressure(SBP)combined with white blood cell count(WBC)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)was 0.8593(95% CI: 0.795-0.924)in the multivariate regression analysis.While in the ROC analysis between intermediate-risk and low-risk, the range of AUC of 12 significantly changed clinical tests were 0.592 to 0.835 in the univariate regression analysis.The B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP)and N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)can assist the risk stratification in intermediate-risk and low-risk PE groups.No efficient combined diagnosis model was found. Conclusions:The basic vital signs and multiple clinical laboratory tests were significantly different among four risk levels of elderly PE patients, such as blood gas analysis, coagulative function, liver and kidney function and myocardial markers.The combination of SBP, WBC, and AST can effectively assist the risk stratification in high-risk and non-high-risk PE groups.

Único paciente grave reportado con COVID-19 en Pinar del Río / The only severely-ill COVID-19 patient reported in Pinar del Río

RESUMEN Introducción: la COVID-19 causada por el SARS-CoV-2 constituye una amenaza para la salud pública mundial; con mayor efecto negativo en pacientes con comorbilidades y deterioro del estado de salud. Caso clínico: paciente femenina, de color de piel blanca, de 59 años de edad con antecedentes patológicos personales de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo II, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y exfumadora con confirmación de COVID-19 por PCR-RT, presentó neumopatía aguda inflamatoria como complicación y evolución satisfactoria. Sin fuente de infección precisada, se aislaron todos los contactos, se estudiaron y fueron negativos a la COVID-19. Conclusiones: se concluye con la presentación de este caso que la pandemia actual significa un desafío para la comunidad científica porque no existe un tratamiento específico contra el SARSCoV-2. No obstante, Cuba utiliza en su protocolo diversos medicamentos que han demostrado efectividad en el control de la enfermedad al lograr la evolución clínica satisfactoria de varios casos críticos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is a threat to global public health; with the most negative effect on patients with comorbidities and weak health status. Clinical case: a 59-year-old, white skinned, female patient with personal pathological history of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus type II, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ex-smoker with confirmed positive PCR-RT (COVID-19 carrier), presented acute inflammatory pneumopathy as a complication and satisfactory evolution. Without a precise source of infection, all contacts were isolated, they underwent to studies and resulted negative to COVID-19. Conclusions: with this case report it is concluded that this pandemic is a challenge for the scientific community because there is not a specific treatment against SARSCoV-2. Nevertheless, Cuba makes use of its protocols of treatment where diverse medicines are included; which have demonstrated effectiveness in the control of the disease, achieving a satisfactory clinical evolution of several critical patients.

Alopecia areata y vitamina D sérica en pacientes iraquíes: un estudio de casos y controles / Alopecia Areata And Serum Vitamin D in Iraqi Patients: a case-control study

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is a typical hair issue, which may have obliterating mental and social outcomes and is portrayed by the nearness of nonscarring alopecia. Objective: This examination has targets to assess the serum nutrient D levels , with AA; contrast the outcome and clearly sound control; and confirm relationship between AA types and serum nutrient D levels. Patients Also Methods: the examine might have been led clinched alongside Tikrit educating healing facility throughout those time starting with June 2019 of the limit for January 2020. Irrefutably the quantity of subjects associated with the assessment was ninety individuals isolated in two social events; the patients bundle were forty five the people who whimper of AA while the resulting gathering including a forty five age and sex-made solid volunteers were picked as a benchmark gathering. The degree and movement of the alopecia were noted and the patients were meticulously broke down for signs of various ailments. Research center assessments were led to patients and also to those control population, these included serum vitamin D levels were measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D {25(OH)D} using a chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay. Blood models were gotten starting with patients and control subjects after totally taught consent was gotten. Results : An essential complexity may have been found for serum 25-OH Vit D levels between patients other than controls. Vitamin D sufficiency were more common in controls than in patients. Serum Vitamin D was deficient in both cases and controls group; but, the deficiency was significantly more throughout AA group (35. 6%) compared to the handle group (11. 1%). Among the list patients gathering, levels associated with nutrient D were totally higher in guys in contrast with females. Conclusions: AA might be related with nutrient D deficiency as mean degrees of nutrient D of patients were seen as fundamentally lower than typical sound controls.

Cambios en variables hematológicas y velocidad de sedimentación globular de pacientes no críticos con la COVID-19 / Changes in hematological variables and globular sedimentation rate in non-critical patients withCOVID-19

RESUMEN Introducción: las pruebas de hematología clínica y la velocidad de sedimentación globular (VSG) se han utilizado como marcadores de evolución clínica en pacientes con la COVID-19. Objetivo: analizar los cambios de variables hematológicas y VSG en pacientes diagnosticados con la COVID-19 en estado no crítico, ingresados en el Hospital Provincial Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Dr. "León Cuervo Rubio" de Pinar del Río, entre el 16 de marzo y el 4 de mayo de 2020. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico y longitudinal prospectivo con datos de 44 pacientes no críticos con la COVID-19. Se examinaron muestras de: hemoglobina, hematocrito, conteo global de leucocitos, neutrófilos, linfocitos, células de tamaño medio y la eritrosedimentación; al ingreso, a las 48 h, al octavo día y al egreso. Se analizaron los cambios longitudinales de dichas variables por medio de la prueba no paramétrica de Friedman para k muestras relacionadas. Resultados: las variables hematológicas: hemoglobina, hematocrito, conteo global de leucocitos, neutrófilos y linfocitos no tuvieron modificaciones significativas durante el seguimiento. Solo las células de tamaño medio disminuyeron significativamente en los niños, al comparar su valor medio al egreso con relación al ingreso (p=0,028) y al segundo día de hospitalización (p=0,01). En los pacientes masculinos adultos, la VSG disminuyó significativamente al octavo día y al alta médica, con relación a su valor al ingreso (p=0,008). Conclusiones: los cambios observados en las variables hematológicas evaluadas, especialmente el de las células de tamaño medio en niños, y eritrosedimentación en hombres con la COVID-19 en estado no crítico, responden a una evolución clínica favorable.

ABSTRACT Introduction: clinical hematology tests and globular sedimentation rate (ESR) have been used as markers of clinical evolution in patients with thenovel coronavirus disease 2019. Objective: to analyze changes in hematological variables and ESR in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in non-critical status, admitted to Dr. León Cuervo Rubio Provincial Clinical-surgical Teaching Hospital, between March 16 and May 4, 2020. Methods: an observational-analytical and longitudinal-prospective study conducted with data from 44 non-critical patients with COVID-19. Samples were examined for: hemoglobin, hematocrit, global leukocyte count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, medium size cells and erythrocyte sedimentation rate; on admission, at 48hours of admission, on the eighth day and on medical discharge. The longitudinal changes of these variables were analyzed by means of the non-parametric Friedman test for k-related samples. Results: hematological variables: hemoglobin, hematocrit, global leukocyte count, neutrophils and lymphocytes did not have significant changes during the follow up. Only medium size cells decreased significantly in children, when comparing their mean value at discharge in relation to admission (p=0,028) and on the second day of hospitalization (p=0,01). In adult male patients, the ESR significantly decreased at eighth day of admission and at medical discharge, in relation to its value at admission (p=0,008). Conclusions: the changes observed in the hematological variables assessed, especially in the medium size cellsin children, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in men with COVID-19 in non-critical status, respond to a favorable clinical evolution.

Evaluation of Lipid Profiles of Children and Youth from Basic Health Units in Campinas, SP, Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Laboratory Study / Avaliação de Perfis Lipídicos Infanto-Juvenis Solicitados nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde em Campinas/SP, Brasil: Um Estudo Laboratorial Transversal

Abstract Background: Among dyslipidemias, hypercholesterolemia is considered the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in adults. In childhood and adolescence, elevated total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are positively associated with atherosclerosis markers, however, systematic screening for dyslipidemias in these groups is a controversial topic. Objective: To characterize the frequencies, types and severity of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents attended at the Basic Health Units managed by SUS in Campinas/SP. Methods: After an agreement with the Municipal Health Department of Campinas, consecutive results of serum lipid profiles (n = 312,650) of individuals of both sexes (n = 62,530) aged between 1 day old and 19 years were obtained, from 2008 to 2015. Age groups and dyslipidemias were classified according to recommendations in the literature. The statistical significance level adopted was the probability value (p) of 0.05 or less. Results: The observed frequencies of increased TC, triglycerides (TG), LDL-C and non-HDL-C (NHDL-C) were 33%, 40%, 29% and 13% respectively, and of reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) the frequency was 39%. The frequencies, in general, were greater in females and in the southwest and south regions of the city, whose populations are more vulnerable from the socioeconomic point of view; on the other hand, in children and adolescents, the frequencies of TG and HDL-C prevailed, respectively. Conclusions: The high frequency and regionalization of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents indicate the need for specific actions in the handling and treatment of such diseases by the public health system of Campinas.

Resumo Fundamento: Dentre as dislipidemias, a hipercolesterolemia é considerada o principal fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em adultos. Na infância e adolescência, a elevação de colesterol total (CT) e colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C) associam-se positivamente a marcadores de aterosclerose, entretanto, a triagem sistemática para dislipidemias nestes grupos é um tema controverso. Objetivos: Caracterizar as frequências, tipos e gravidade de dislipidemias em crianças e adolescentes atendidos nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) mantidas pelo SUS em Campinas/SP. Métodos: A partir do convênio com a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas foram obtidos resultados consecutivos de perfis lipídicos séricos (n = 312.650) de indivíduos de ambos os sexos (n = 62.530), com idade entre 1 dia e 19 anos, entre 2008 e 2015. Grupos etários e dislipidemias foram classificados conforme recomendações da literatura. O nível de significância estatístico considerado significativo foi de p < 0,05. Resultados: As frequências observadas de CT, triglicérides (TG), LDL-C e não HDL-C (NHDL-C) aumentados foram, respectivamente 33%, 40%, 29% e 13% e de redução do colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C) 39%, no total, sendo maiores no sexo feminino e nas regiões sudoeste e sul da cidade, mais vulneráveis do ponto de vista socioeconômico; já em infantes a de TG, e nos adolescentes a de HDL-C prevaleceram. Conclusões: A alta frequência e a regionalização das dislipidemias em crianças e adolescentes apontam para a necessidade de ações específicas no manuseio e tratamento destas no âmbito do sistema público de saúde em Campinas.

Imputation method to reduce undetected severe acute respiratory infection cases during the coronavirus disease outbreak in Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease (COVD-19) outbreak has overburdened the surveillance of severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs), including the laboratory network. This study was aimed at correcting the absence of laboratory results of reported SARI deaths. METHODS: The imputation method was applied for SARI deaths without laboratory information using clinico-epidemiological characteristics. RESULTS: Of 84,449 SARI deaths, 51% were confirmed with COVID-19 while 3% with other viral respiratory diseases. After the imputation method, 95% of deaths were reclassified as COVID-19 while 5% as other viral respiratory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The imputation method was a useful and robust solution (sensitivity and positive predictive value of 98%) for missing values through clinical & epidemiological characteristics.

The diagnostic process of covid-19 in the emergency department: laboratory and imaging methods

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES The 2019 Novel coronavirus disease puts a serious burden on the health system. Therefore, the detection of particularly serious patients at an early stage is extremely important in terms of controlling the outbreak and improving the prognosis. We investigated the role of inflammatory markers studied in patients suspected of COVID-19 at an emergency department in predicting PCR and CT results. METHODS This retrospective study was carried out with 133 patients who were admitted between 13 March and 1st April 2020 with suspicion of COVID-19. The patients were divided into four groups according to CT and RT-PCR results and evaluated. RESULTS Considering all patients, no specific findings were found in the hematological and biochemical values of patients in the laboratory analyses. Although all of the results remained within the reference range, there was a significant difference in white blood cell, neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte values when the groups were compared [p = 0.000; p = 0.004; p = 0.022; p = 0.023]. CONCLUSION Laboratory is not specific enough in the pre-diagnosis. In addition, this result does not alter with PCR or CT positivity. However, minimal changes observed in laboratory results may be partially guiding in patients in whom both PCR and CT are positive.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS A nova doença de coronavírus de 2019 coloca um fardo sério para o sistema de saúde. Portanto, a detecção de pacientes especialmente graves em um estágio inicial é extremamente importante em termos de controle do surto e melhoria do prognóstico. Investigamos o papel dos marcadores inflamatórios estudados em pacientes suspeitos de COVID-19 no pronto-socorro na previsão de resultados de PCR e CT. MÉTODOS Este estudo retrospectivo foi realizado entre 133 pacientes que foram admitidos entre 13 de março e 1o de abril de 2020 com suspeita de COVID-19. Os pacientes foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com os resultados da TC e RT-PCR e avaliados. RESULTADOS Considerando todos os pacientes, não foram encontrados achados específicos nos valores hematológicos e bioquímicos dos pacientes em análises laboratoriais. Embora todos os resultados tenham permanecido dentro do intervalo de referência, houve uma diferença significativa nos valores de glóbulos brancos, neutrófilos, plaquetas e linfócitos quando os grupos foram comparados [p = 0,000; p = 0,004; p = 0,022; p = 0,023]. CONCLUSÃO O laboratório não é suficientemente específico no pré-diagnóstico. Além disso, este resultado não se altera com a positividade para PCR ou CT. No entanto, alterações mínimas observadas nos resultados laboratoriais podem ser parcialmente norteadoras em pacientes com PCR e CT positivos.

Enfermedad celíaca y desarrollo de patologías secundarias / Celiac disease and the development of secondary disorders

La enfermedad celíaca es una patología autoinmune sistémica caracterizada por un estado inflamatorio crónico de la mucosa y submucosa intestinal, de origen multifactorial y detonada por factores ambientales como la ingesta de gluten en individuos genéticamente predispuestos a sensibilizarse a dicha proteína. La prevalencia de la enfermedad a nivel mundial se estima entre 1,1% y 1,7%, según datos de seroprevalencia. Sin embargo, se considera que existe una importante cantidad de individuos no diagnosticados, quienes podrían llegar a desarrollar una serie de complicaciones debido a que no reciben el manejo adecuado. Por ello, el objetivo de esta revisión comprende valorar algunas de las patologías secundarias más frecuentes asociadas a la enfermedad celíaca, evidenciando la afectación sistémica que puede presentar un individuo con esta enfermedad.

Celiac disease is a systemic autoimmune pathology characterized by a chronic inflammatory state of the intestinal mucosa and submucosa, of multifactorial origin and triggered by environmental factors such as gluten intake in individuals genetically predisposed to become sensitized to such protein. The worldwide prevalence of the disease is estimated to be between 1.1% and 1.7%, based on seroprevalence data. However, it is considered that there are a significant number of undiagnosed individuals, who could develop a series of complications due to not receiving adequate management. For this reason, the objective of this review is to assess some of the most frequent secondary disorders associated with celiac disease, evidencing the systemic involvement that an individual with this disease can develop.

Template for the laboratorys report of 25-hydroxyvitamin D: recommendations form the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine (SBPC/ML) and the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM) / Modelo de laudo laboratorial para 25-hidroxivitamina D: recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (SBPC/ML) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM)

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine (SBPC/ML) and the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM) recommend a new template for laboratory reports of 25-hydroxyvitamin D: deficiency < 20 ng/ml; normal values for the general population between 20-60 ng/ml; ideal values for at-risk population between 30-60 ng/ml; e risk of toxicity > 100 ng/ml.

RESUMEN La Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (SBPC/ML) y la Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM) sugieren un nuevo modelo de informe de laboratorio para 25-hidroxivitamina D: deficiencia < 20 ng/ml; valores normales para la población general entre 20 y 60 ng/ml; valores ideales para la población de riesgo entre 30 y 60 ng/ml; riesgo de intoxicación > 100 ng/ml.

RESUMO A Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (SBPC/ML) e a Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM) recomendam um novo modelo de laudo laboratorial para 25-hidroxivitamina D: deficiência < 20 ng/ml; valores normais para a população geral entre 20 e 60 ng/ml; valores ideais para população de risco entre 30 e 60 ng/ml; e risco de intoxicação > 100 ng/ml.

Application status and result interpretation of novel coronavirus laboratory test method / 医学研究生学报

For novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapid and effective methods for timely and definite diagnosis of patients with different disease courses and suspected patients are urgently needed in clinical practice. Nucleic acid test (NAT) is the primary means of etiological examination. The test of specific IgM and IgG helps not only the disease diagnosis, but also the infection stage assessment. In clinical practice, there is a problem of "false negatives" in NAT, while antibody test can make up for the risk of "missing cases" in NAT to a certain extent. In this paper, the laboratory test method of COVID-19 will be discussed from the current situation and application evaluation of NAT, the cause analysis of "false negatives", and the value and prospect of antibody test.

Recomendaciones para el uso racional de la prueba 25-hidroxivitamina D Resumen de política

está disponible en el texto completo

The exponential increase in the request for laboratory tests of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D or [25 (OH) D has ignited the alarms and generated a strong call for attention, since it may reflect deficiencies in the standardization of clinical practice and in the use non-systematic scientific evidence for decision-making in real life, which allows to analyze the indications of the test, its frequency, interpretation and even to assess the impact for health systems, especially when contrasted with the minimum or almost. No effects of the strategy of screening or supplying indiscriminately to the general population, without considering a comprehensive clinical assessment of risks and needs of people. From a purely public health impact point of view, the consequence of massive and unspecified requests is affecting most of the health systems and institutions at the global level. The primary studies that determined average population intake values have been widely used in the formulation of recommendations in Clinical Practice Guidelines, but unfortunately misinterpreted as cut points to diagnose disease and allow the exaggerated prescription of nutritional substitution. The coefficient of variation in routine tests to measure blood levels of 25 (OH) D is high (28%), decreasing the overall accuracy of the test and simultaneously, increasing both the falsely high and falsely low values. The most recent scientific evidence analyzes and seriously questions the usefulness and the real effect of the massive and indiscriminate practice of prescribing vitamin D without an exhaustive risk analysis. The available evidence is insufficient to recommend a general substitution of vitamin D to prevent fractures, falls, changes in bone mineral density, incidence of cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, neoplasms and also to modify the growth curve of mothers' children. They received vitamin D as a substitute during pregnancy. The recommendations presented in the document are based on the critical analysis of current evidence and the principles of good clinical practice and invite to consider a rational use of 25 (OH) D tests in the context of a clinical practice focused on people and a comprehensive assessment of needs and risks. The principles of good practice suggest that clinicians may be able to justify that the results of the 25 (OH) D test strongly influence and define clinical practice and modify the outcomes that interest people and impact their health and wellness. Currently there is no clarity on how to interpret the results, and the relationship between symptoms and 25 (OH) D levels, which may not be consistent with the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency reported. For this reason, it is suggested to review the rationale of the request for tests for systematic monitoring of levels of 25 (OH) D or in all cases where substitution is performed. Consider the use of 25 (OH) D tests within the comprehensive evaluation of people with suspicion or confirmation of the following conditions: rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hyper or hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndromes, sarcopenia, metabolic bone disease.

Rastreabilidade em medicina laboratorial: um estímulo global para resultados exatos no cuidado com o paciente

RESUMO Os resultados da medicina laboratorial influenciam uma alta porcentagem das decisões tomadas pelos médicos. A globalização requer que os resultados obtidos por métodos diferentes sejam concordantes, garantindo a segurança do paciente. É necessário haver colaboração internacional para difundir essa exigência. Essa colaboração deve basear-se na rastreabilidade da medicina laboratorial, bem como na adoção de procedimentos de medição e materiais de referência de alta hierarquia metrológica e que sejam comutáveis internacionalmente. A aplicação da cadeia de rastreabilidade metrológica facilita essa abordagem universal. A quantificação de colesterol no soro e Hemoglobina sanguínea A1c (HbA1c) no sangue serve como exemplo do processo de padronização de métodos com impacto demonstrado nos resultados clínicos. Por outro lado, a quantificação de paratormônio (PTH) e hemoglobina A2 (HbA2) no sangue revela a variabilidade entre os métodos atualmente em uso, que compromete o tratamento do paciente e demanda, portanto, a harmonização e/ou padronização dos métodos. Os desafios à difusão da rastreabilidade em medicina laboratorial incluem fatores como disponibilidade de materiais e métodos de referência, diferenças geográficas, uso de unidades de medida variadas, ensaios de analitos complexos e coordenação mundial limitada. Uma colaboração abrangente requer o envolvimento das partes interessadas no âmbito mundial, desde especialistas gerais a aqueles com particular experiência em medicina laboratorial, com vivência em laboratórios clínicos de rotina. Um plano de coordenação é apresentado neste artigo com ações atribuídas a cada um dos envolvidos.

ABSTRACT Laboratory medicine results influence a high percentage of all clinical decisions. Globalization requires that laboratory medicine results should be transferable between methods in the interests of patient safety. International collaboration is necessary to deliver this requirement. That collaboration should be based on traceability in laboratory medicine and the adoption of higher order international commutable reference materials and measurement procedures. Application of the metrological traceability chain facilitates a universal approach. The measurement of serum cholesterol and blood HbA1c serve as examples of the process of method standardization where an impact on clinical outcomes is demonstrable. The measurement of plasma parathyroid hormone and blood HbA2 serve as examples where the current between method variability is compromising patient management and method standardization and/or harmonization is required. Challenges to the widespread adoption of traceability in laboratory medicine include the availability of reference materials and methods; geographical differences; the use of variable units; complex analytes and limited global coordination. The global collaboration requires the involvement of several different stakeholder groups ranging from international experts to laboratory medicine specialists in routine clinical laboratories. A coordinated action plan is presented with actions attributable to each of these stakeholder groups.

Prevalência de colesterol total e frações alterados na população adulta brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Prevalence of altered total cholesterol and fractions in the Brazilian adult population: National Health Survey

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as prevalências dos níveis de colesterol total e frações alterados na população brasileira, segundo dados bioquímicos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, utilizando dados laboratoriais da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde coletados entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Foram analisados exames de colesterol total e frações e calculadas prevalências populacionais de valores alterados segundo variáveis sociodemográficas. Consideraram-se os seguintes pontos de corte: colesterol total ≥ 200mg/dL; lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL) ≥ 130mg/dL e lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) < 40mg/dL. Resultados: Aprevalência de colesterol total ≥ 200mg/dL na população foi de 32,7%, mais elevada em mulheres (35,1%). A prevalência de HDL alterado foi de 31,8%, sendo de 42,8% no sexo masculino e 22,0% no feminino. LDL≥ 130mg/dL foi observado em 18,6%, com prevalência mais elevada em mulheres (19,9%). População com idade de 45 anos ou mais e com baixa escolaridade apresentou maiores prevalências de colesterol com alterações. Conclusão: Valores de colesterol total e frações alterados foram frequentes na população brasileira, especialmente entre mulheres, idosos e pessoas de baixa escolaridade. Esses resultados poderão orientar as ações de controle e prevenção, como alimentação saudável, atividade física e tratamento, visando à prevenção de doenças coronarianas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the prevalence of altered total cholesterol and fractions levels in the Brazilian population, according to biochemical data from the National Health Survey. Methods: A descriptive study, using data from the National Health Survey, collected between 2014 and 2015. Total cholesterol and fractions were analyzed and population prevalences of altered values according to socio-demographic variables were calculated. The cutoff points considered were: total cholesterol ≥ 200mg/dl; low-density lipoprotein LDL ≥ 130mg/dL and high-density lipoprotein HDL < 40mg/dL. Results: The prevalence of total cholesterol ≥200mg/dL in the population was 32.7%, and higher in women (35.1%). The prevalence of altered HDL was 31.8%, 22.0% in females and 42.8% in males. LDL ≥ 130mg/dL was found in 18.6% and was higher in women (19.9%). The population aged 45 years old and older and those with low levels of education presented a higher prevalence of altered cholesterol. Conclusion: Altered values of total cholesterol and fractions were frequent in the Brazilian population, especially among women, the elderly and people with low levels of education. These results may guide control and preventative actions such as healthy eating, physical activity and treatment, all of which aim to prevent coronary diseases.